@phdthesis{oai:auhw.repo.nii.ac.jp:00002203,
 author = {中村, 太朗 and Nakamura, Taro},
 month = {2022-05-18},
 note = {I. Introduction 1
II. Methods 5
2.1. Design and participants 5
2.2. Data collection 6
2.3. Japanese version of the 20-item Italian MEQ 7
2.4. The Healthy Eating Literacy (HEL) Scale 8
2.5. The Eating Behavior Scale (EBS) 9
2.6. Demographic items 9
2.7. Sample size calculations and statistical analyses 10
III. Results 12
3.1. Response rate and participant characteristics 12
3.2. Scores and BMI 12
3.3. The reliability and validity of the ME questionnaire 12
3.4. Estimating the effects of participant characteristics on ME, HEL and EBS 13
3.5. Maternal eating behavior by ME-HEL group 13
3.6. EBS scores and BMI in mothers and children 14
IV. Discussion 14
V. Conclusion 21
VI. Tables 22
Table 1 Participant characteristics 22
Table 2 ME scores by statement item and subscale 23
Table 3 Cronbach's α for the items of ME questionnaire 24
Table 4 Estimated effects of participant characteristics on ME 25
Table 5 Estimated effects of participant characteristics on HEL 26
Table 6 Estimated effects of participant characteristics on EBS 27
Table 7 Number of participants by characteristic and ME-HEL group 28
Figure 1 Effects of ME and HEL on EBS 29
Table 8 Two-way ANOVA test for EBS by ME and HEL 29
Funding 29
Ethics approval and consent to participate 30
Declaration of competing interest 30
Acknowledgments 30
References 30
Appendix i
I.
Questionnaire i, Mindfulness is a psychological process that can be developed using meditation and other training to mentally focus on the present moment. Applying the concept of mindfulness to eating (i.e., mindful eating; ME) is known to be associated with regulating eating behavior especially in overweight or obese people. Sustaining healthy eating behavior requires both healthy eating literacy (HEL) and proficiency in ME; however, ME proficiency in Japanese people has not been investigated. Additionally, women may be more susceptible to emotional dietary problems with ME proficiency than men and a healthy diet represents a sizable challenge for nursery school children. Therefore, we conducted a survey of mothers with 4- to 5-year-old children in City A, Japan, to investigate their ME proficiency and HEL level, and examine eating behavior and self-reported body mass index in both the mothers and their children. This study was the first to describe ME proficiency in Japanese mothers. ME proficiency in mothers was positively correlated with both their eating behavior and their children’s eating behavior, suggesting a potential relationship, while strong relationships were not observed between HEL level and eating behaviors of mothers and children. Improving ME skills rather than HEL may be an effective way to sustain healthier eating behavior in mothers and their children.},
 school = {青森県立保健大学},
 title = {Mindful Eating Proficiency and Healthy Eating Literacy in Japanese Mothers: Associations with Their Own and Their Children’s Eating Behavior},
 year = {},
 yomi = {ナカムラ, タロウ}
}